Margarine isa muburyohe no kugaragara kumavuta ariko ifite itandukaniro ryinshi.Margarine yatejwe imbere yo gusimbuza amavuta.Mu kinyejana cya 19, amavuta yari amaze kuba ikintu rusange mu mirire y'abantu babaga ku butaka, ariko yari ahenze kubatayabayeho.Louis Napoleon III, umwami w'abami utekereza ibitekerezo by’abasosiyalisiti wo mu kinyejana cya mbere cy’Ubufaransa, yahaye igihembo umuntu uwo ari we wese washoboraga gutanga umusaruro wemewe,
Gukomeza-Uburyo inzira nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane mugukora morgarine.Niba amata akoreshwa nk'amazi asukuye, ahujwe n'umunyu hamwe na emulisitiya mu cyumba.Emulifiyeri ikora mukugabanya ubukana bwubuso hagati ya globules yamavuta nuruvange rwamazi, bityo bikabafasha gukora imvano yimiti byoroshye.Igisubizo nikintu kidafite amazi yuzuye cyangwa gikomeye.
ubundi buryo buhendutse.Hippolyte Mege-Mouriez yatsindiye amarushanwa yo mu 1869 kubintu yise margarine nyuma yibigize byambere, aside margaric.Acide margaric yari iherutse kuvumburwa mu 1813 na Michael Eugene Chevreul maze ikura izina ryayo mu ijambo ry'ikigereki ryitwa amasaro, margarite, kubera ibitonyanga by'amata Chevreul yabonye mu gihangano cye.Muri iki gihe cya none ikorwa mu mavuta cyangwa guhuza amavuta binyuze mu nzira ya hydro-genation, uburyo bwatunganijwe ahagana mu 1910. Ubu buryo bufasha amavuta y’inyamaswa cyangwa ibimera kwigana, cyangwa guhinduka ibintu byamazi bigahinduka ibinure kimwe cya kabiri. igihugu gikomeye.
Muri Amerika, amavuta yari uburyohe bwakunzwe mumyaka myinshi, kandi kugeza mubihe byashize, margarine yarwaye isura mbi.Ikarito y’amata yateguwe neza yiyamamaje kurwanya margarine, itinya guhatanwa ninganda za margarine.Ahagana mu 1950, Kongere yakuyeho imisoro ku basimbuye amavuta yari imaze imyaka mirongo ikurikizwa.Icyiswe "Itegeko rya Margarine" naryo ryamenyeshejwe nyuma risobanura margarine: "ibintu byose, imvange hamwe n’ibintu byose bifite aho bihuriye n’ibya amavuta kandi bikubiyemo amavuta yose aribwa n'amavuta atari amavuta y’amata iyo bikozwe mu kwigana cyangwa ibisa n'amavuta. ”Bimwe mubyo margarine yemeye mu mafunguro y’abanyaburayi n’abanyamerika byaturutse ku kugaburira mu gihe cy’intambara.Amavuta yari make, kandi margarine, cyangwa oleo, niyo yasimbuye neza.Uyu munsi, margarine
Kuva mu 1930, Votator nicyo gikoresho gikoreshwa cyane munganda zo muri Amerika.Muri Votator, emulsion ya margarine irakonja kandi rimwe na rimwe igahagarika umutima kugirango ikore marigarine ikomeye.
yahindutse hafi yo gusimbuza amavuta kandi itanga ibinure bike na cholesterol kuruta amavuta ku giciro gito.
Margarine
Margarine irashobora gukorwa mumavuta atandukanye yinyamanswa kandi yigeze gukorwa cyane cyane mumavuta yinka kandi yitwa oleo-margarine.Bitandukanye n'amavuta, irashobora gupakirwa muburyo butandukanye, harimo n'amazi.Nubwo imiterere yaba imeze ite, margarine igomba kuba yujuje ubuziranenge bwa leta kuko ni ibiryo abasesenguzi ba leta n’inzobere mu mirire babona ko bitiranwa n’amavuta.Aya mabwiriza ategeka ko margarine byibura ibinure 80%, ikomoka kumavuta yinyamanswa cyangwa ibimera, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe ikavangwa byombi.Hafi ya 17-18.5% ya margarine ni amazi, akomoka kumata ya skim pasteurize, amazi, cyangwa proteine ya soya.Ijanisha rito (1-3%) ni umunyu wongeyeho uburyohe, ariko mubyifuzo byubuzima bwimirire margarine ikozwe kandi yanditseho umunyu.Igomba kuba irimo byibuze 15,000 (uhereye kubipimo bya Pharmacopeia yo muri Amerika) ya vitamine A kuri pound.Ibindi bikoresho birashobora kongerwaho kugirango ubungabunge ubuzima.
Kwitegura
1 Iyo ibiyigize bigeze mu ruganda rukora margarine, bigomba kubanza gukurikiranwa ningamba zo kwitegura.Amavuta - isafuriya, ibigori, cyangwa soya, mubundi bwoko - bivurwa n'umuti wa soda wa caustic kugirango ukureho ibice bitari ngombwa bizwi nka acide yubusa.Amavuta noneho yozwa mukuvanga namazi ashyushye, akayatandukanya, akayasiga akuma munsi yicyuho.Ibikurikira, amavuta rimwe na rimwe ahishwa hamwe nuruvange rwisi yangiza namakara mubindi byumba bya vacuum.Isi ihumanya hamwe namakara bikurura amabara yose adashaka, hanyuma akayungurura mumavuta.Amazi ayo ari yo yose akoreshwa mubikorwa byo gukora - amata, amazi, cyangwa ibintu bishingiye kuri soya - nayo igomba gufata ingamba zo kwitegura.Ikora kandi pasteurisation kugirango ikureho umwanda, kandi niba hakoreshejwe ifu y amata yumye, igomba kugenzurwa na bagiteri nibindi byanduza.
Hydrogenation
2 Amavuta noneho aba hydrogène kugirango habeho guhuza neza umusaruro wa margarine, leta yitwa "plastike" cyangwa igice gikomeye.Muri ubu buryo, gaze ya hydrogène yongerwa kuri peteroli mubihe bigoye.Ibice bya hydrogène bigumana namavuta, bifasha kongera ubushyuhe aho bizashonga no gutuma amavuta adashobora kwanduzwa binyuze muri okiside.
Gukomatanya ibiyigize
Inzira ikomeza-itemba nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane mugukora margarine.Niba amata akoreshwa nk'amazi asukuye, ahujwe n'umunyu hamwe na emulisitiya mu cyumba.Umukozi wa emulisitiya yemeza ko inzira ya emulisation-isobanurwa muburyo bwo guhagarika globules ntoya y'amazi amwe mumazi ya kabiri-ibaho.Emulifiyeri ikora mukugabanya ubukana bwubuso hagati ya globules yamavuta nuruvange rwamazi, bityo bikabafasha gukora imvano yimiti byoroshye.Igisubizo nikintu kidafite amazi yuzuye cyangwa gikomeye rwose ahubwo ni uguhuza byombi byitwa igice-gikomeye.Lecithin, ibinure bisanzwe bikomoka ku muhondo w'igi, soya, cyangwa ibigori, ni kimwe mu bintu bisanzwe byifashishwa mu gukoresha margarine.
3 Mu ntambwe ibanza, amazi, umunyu, na lecithine bivangwa hamwe mu kigega kimwe giteganye n'indi vatiri ifata amavuta n'ibikoresho bikuramo amavuta.Muburyo bukomeza-gutemba, ibiri muri vatiri zombi bigaburirwa mugihe cyagenwe mukigega cya gatatu, mubisanzwe bita chambre emulisation.Mugihe gahunda yo kuvanga irimo gukorwa, ibyuma bikoresha ibikoresho nibikoresho bigenzura ubushyuhe buvanze hafi 100 ° F (38 ° C).
Imyivumbagatanyo
4 Ibikurikira, imvange ya margarine yoherejwe mubikoresho byitwa Votator, izina ryirango ryibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bya margarine yo muri Amerika.Nibikoresho bisanzwe byinganda kuva 1930.Muri Votator, emulioni ya margarine ikonjeshwa mubyo bita Urugereko A. Urugereko A rugabanijwemo ibice bitatu byumuyoboro bigabanya ubushyuhe bwabyo.Mu minota ibiri imvange igeze kuri 45-50 ° F (7-10 ° C).Ihita ishyirwa mu cyombo cya kabiri cyitwa Urugereko B. Hano hari igihe rimwe na rimwe bihagarika umutima ariko muri rusange bigasigara byicaye bigakora igice cyacyo gikomeye.Niba bikeneye gukubitwa cyangwa gutegurwa ukundi kugirango bidasanzwe bihamye, imyigaragambyo ikorerwa mu Rugereko B.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge
Kugenzura ubuziranenge ni impungenge zigaragara mu bigo bitunganya ibiryo bigezweho.Ibikoresho bidahumanye hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa nabi birashobora gutuma bagiteri nyinshi zanduza zishobora guhungabanya igifu ndetse nubuzima bwibihumbi byabaguzi muminsi mike.Guverinoma y’Amerika, iyobowe n’ishami ry’ubuhinzi, ikomeza amategeko agenga isuku y’inganda ku mavuta ya kijyambere n’inganda zikora margarine.Kugenzura no gucibwa amande kubikoresho bitunganijwe neza cyangwa ibintu bidahumanye bifasha ibigo kubahiriza.
Amavuta ashyirwa mu majwi n'abagenzuzi ba USDA kuri cream.Bagenzura buri cyiciro, bakagerageza, bakaryoha, bakagiha amanota.Batanga byibuze amanota 45 kuburyohe, 25 kumubiri no muburyo, amanota 15 kumabara, 10 kubunyu, na 5 kubipakira.Rero, icyiciro cyiza cyamavuta gishobora kwakira amanota 100, ariko mubisanzwe umubare munini wahawe paki ni 93. Kuri 93, amavuta yashyizwe mubyiciro kandi yanditseho Grade AA;icyiciro cyakira amanota ari munsi ya 90 gifatwa nkibiri hasi.
Amabwiriza yo gukora margarine ategeka ko margarine irimo byibura amavuta 80%.Amavuta akoreshwa mu musaruro arashobora gukomoka ku masoko atandukanye y’inyamanswa n’imboga ariko byose bigomba kuba bikwiriye kurya abantu.Ibirimo mu mazi birashobora kuba amata, amazi, cyangwa poroteyine ishingiye kuri soya.Igomba kuba pasteurize kandi ikubiyemo byibuze ibice 15,000 bya vitamine A. Irashobora kandi kuba irimo umusimbura wumunyu, ibijumba, emulisiferi yamavuta, imiti igabanya ubukana, vitamine D, hamwe nibintu bisiga amabara.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-17-2021