Margarine: Ni ikwirakwizwa rikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza, guteka, no guteka.Yakozwe bwa mbere mu rwego rwo gusimbuza amavuta mu 1869 mu Bufaransa na Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarine ikozwe cyane cyane mumazi ya hydrogène cyangwa yatunganijwe neza.
Mugihe amavuta akozwe mu binure biva mu mata, margarine ikorwa mu mavuta y'ibimera kandi ishobora no kuba irimo amata.Mu bice bimwe na bimwe byitwa "oleo", bigufi kuri oleomargarine.
Margarine, kimwe n'amavuta, igizwe n'amazi-amavuta-emulioni, hamwe n'uduce duto twamazi twatatanye kimwe mugice cyibinure kiri muburyo butajegajega.Margarine ifite ibinure byibuze 80%, kimwe n'amavuta, ariko bitandukanye n'amavuta yagabanije amavuta ya margarine nayo ashobora kwitwa margarine.Margarine irashobora gukoreshwa haba mugukwirakwiza no guteka no guteka.Irakoreshwa kandi nkibigize mubindi bicuruzwa byibiribwa, nk'ibiryo na kuki, kubikorwa byinshi.
Uburyo bwibanze bwo gukora margarine muri iki gihe bugizwe no kwigana amavuta y’imboga ya hydrogène hamwe n’amata asukuye, gukonjesha imvange kugirango ayakomere kandi ayakore kugirango atezimbere.Amavuta yimboga ninyamanswa nibintu bisa nibintu bitandukanye byo gushonga.Ayo mavuta afite amazi mubushyuhe bwicyumba azwi nkamavuta.Ingingo zo gushonga zifitanye isano no kuba karuboni-karubone ihuza ibice bibiri bya aside irike.Umubare munini wububiko bubiri utanga amanota yo gushonga.
Hydrogenation igice cyamavuta asanzwe yibimera kubintu bisanzwe bya margarine.Hafi ya C = C inshuro ebyiri zavanyweho muriki gikorwa, kizamura ingingo yo gushonga yibicuruzwa.
Mubisanzwe, amavuta karemano aba hydrogène mu kunyuza hydrogène mumavuta imbere ya catalizike ya nikel, mugihe cyagenwe.Kwiyongera kwa hydrogene kumurongo utuzuye (alkenes double C = C bonds) bivamo imigozi ya CC yuzuye, byongera neza aho gushonga kwamavuta bityo "bikomera".Ibi biterwa no kwiyongera kwingufu za van der Waals hagati ya molekile zuzuye ugereranije na molekile zidahagije.Ariko, kubera ko hari inyungu zubuzima zishoboka mukugabanya ibinure byuzuye mumafunguro yumuntu, inzira iragenzurwa kuburyo bihagije gusa imigozi iba hydrogène kugirango itange ibyangombwa bisabwa.
Margarine ikozwe murubu buryo ngo irimo amavuta ya hydrogenated.Ubu buryo bukoreshwa muri iki gihe kuri margarine zimwe na zimwe nubwo inzira yatunganijwe kandi rimwe na rimwe izindi catalizator zikoreshwa nka palladium.Niba hydrogenation ituzuye (gukomera igice), ubushyuhe buringaniye bukoreshwa mugikorwa cya hydrogenation bukunda guhinduranya bimwe mubice bya karubone-karubone inshuro ebyiri muburyo bwa "trans".Niba ubwo bucuti budasanzwe butarimo hydrogène mugihe cyibikorwa, bizakomeza kugaragara muri margarine yanyuma muri molekile zamavuta ya transit, kuyikoresha byagaragaye ko ari ibintu bishobora gutera indwara zifata umutima.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibinure bikomye igice bikoreshwa bike kandi bike muruganda rwa margarine.Amavuta amwe yo mu turere dushyuha, nk'amavuta y'imikindo n'amavuta ya cocout, mubisanzwe birakomeye kandi ntibisaba hydrogenation.
Margarine igezweho irashobora gukorwa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose butandukanye bwamavuta yinyamanswa cyangwa imboga, bivanze namata asukuye, umunyu, na emulisiferi.Ibinure bya margarine n'imboga bikwirakwizwa ku isoko birashobora kuva ku binure 10 kugeza 90%.Ukurikije ibinure byanyuma nintego yabyo (gukwirakwiza, guteka cyangwa guteka), urwego rwamazi namavuta yimboga yakoreshejwe bizatandukana gato.Amavuta akanda ku mbuto akanonosorwa.Icyo gihe kivangwa n'ibinure bikomeye.Niba nta binure bikomeye byongewe kumavuta yimboga, aba nyuma bakora hydrogène yuzuye cyangwa igice kugirango bakomere.
Ibivanze bivanze bivangwa namazi, aside citric, karotenoide, vitamine nifu y amata.Emulisiferi nka lecithine ifasha gukwirakwiza icyiciro cyamazi neza mumavuta, kandi umunyu hamwe nuburinzi nabyo byongeweho.Aya mavuta n'amazi noneho birashyuha, bikavangwa, bikonjeshwa.Margarine yoroshye yoroshye ikorwa hamwe na hydrogenated nkeya, amazi menshi, amavuta kuruta margarine.
Ubwoko butatu bwa margarine burasanzwe:
Ibinure byoroheje bikomoka ku bimera bikwirakwira, bifite amavuta menshi ya mono- cyangwa polyunzure, bikozwe muri safflower, sunflower, soya, imbuto ya pamba, kungufu, cyangwa amavuta ya elayo.
Margarine mu icupa ryo guteka cyangwa ibiryo byo hejuru
Birakomeye, muri rusange margarine idafite amabara yo guteka cyangwa guteka.
Kuvanga n'amavuta.
Ameza menshi akwirakwizwa kugurishwa uyumunsi ni uruvange rwa margarine n'amavuta cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa byamata.Kuvanga, bikoreshwa mu kunoza uburyohe bwa margarine, byari bimaze igihe bitemewe mu bihugu nka Amerika na Ositaraliya.Mu mabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ibicuruzwa bya margarine ntibishobora kwitwa “amavuta”, nubwo ibyinshi bigizwe n’amavuta asanzwe.Mu bihugu bimwe by’Uburayi ameza ashingiye ku mavuta akwirakwizwa kandi ibicuruzwa bya margarine bigurishwa nk '“imvange y’amavuta”.
Amavuta avanze ubu agize igice kinini cyimeza ikwirakwiza isoko.Ikirango “Sinshobora kwizera ko atari amavuta!”yabyaye ibintu bitandukanye bisa nkibyakwirakwijwe ubu ushobora kuboneka kumasoko ya supermarket kwisi yose, hamwe namazina nka "Butterly Butterly", "Butterlicious", "Butterly Butterly", na "Wowe Butter Butveve".Aya mavuta avanze yirinda kubuzwa kuranga, hamwe nubuhanga bwo kwamamaza bwerekana isano ikomeye namavuta nyayo.Amazina nkaya agurishwa yerekana ibicuruzwa kubaguzi bitandukanye nibirango bisabwa byita margarine "amavuta yimboga ya hydrogène igice".
Imirire
Ibiganiro bijyanye nintungamubiri za margarine no gukwirakwira bishingiye kubintu bibiri - ubwinshi bwamavuta, nubwoko bwibinure (ibinure byuzuye, amavuta ya trans).Mubisanzwe, kugereranya margarine n'amavuta biri muriki gice kimwe.
Umubare w'amavuta.
Uruhare rwamavuta na margarine gakondo (ibinure 80%) birasa kubijyanye nimbaraga zabyo, ariko marigarine yamavuta make hamwe no gukwirakwizwa nabyo birahari.
Ibinure byuzuye.
Amavuta acide yuzuye ntabwo yahujwe rwose no kwiyongera kwa cholesterol mu maraso.Gusimbuza ibinure byuzuye kandi bituzuye hamwe n'amavuta adafite hydrogène monounsaturated na polyunsaturated amavuta bifite akamaro kanini mukurinda indwara z'umutima zifata abagore ku bagore kuruta kugabanya ibinure muri rusange.Reba ibinure byuzuye n'indwara z'umutima.
Amavuta akomoka ku bimera ashobora kuba arimo ikintu cyose kiri hagati ya 7% na 86% byuzuye aside irike.Amavuta y’amazi (amavuta ya canola, amavuta yizuba) akunda kuba kumpera yo hasi, mugihe amavuta yo mu turere dushyuha (amavuta ya cocout, amavuta yintoki) hamwe namavuta akomeye (hydrogenated) amavuta ari murwego rwo hejuru rwikigereranyo.Uruvange rwa margarine ni uruvange rwubwoko bubiri bwibigize.Mubisanzwe, margarine ikaze irimo ibinure byinshi.
Ubusanzwe yoroshye ya tub margarine irimo 10% kugeza 20% byamavuta yuzuye.Amavuta asanzwe arimo ibinure 52 kugeza 65%.
Ibinure bidahagije.
Kunywa aside irike idahagije byagaragaye ko bigabanya urugero rwa cholesterol ya LDL no kongera cholesterol ya HDL mu maraso, bityo bikagabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zifata umutima.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwamavuta adahagije: ibinure bya mono- na poly-bidahagije byombi bizwi nkibyiza kubuzima bitandukanye namavuta yuzuye.Amavuta akomoka ku bimera akuze cyane, nka kungufu (hamwe na canola ihindagurika), izuba, izuba, amavuta ya elayo arimo amavuta menshi adahagije.Mugihe cyo gukora margarine, amavuta amwe adahagije ashobora guhinduka amavuta ya hydrogène cyangwa amavuta ya transit kugirango abone aho ashonga cyane kugirango akomere mubushyuhe bwicyumba.
Omega-3 fatty acide ni umuryango wa polyunsaturated fatty acide, wasangaga ari byiza cyane kubuzima.Iyi ni imwe muri ebyiri zingenzi za fatty acide, bita kuberako abantu badashobora kuyikora kandi bagomba kuyikura mubiryo.Omega-3 fatty acide iboneka cyane mumafi yamavuta yafashwe mumazi maremare.Ugereranije ntibisanzwe mubiterwa n'imboga, harimo na margarine.
Nyamara, ubwoko bumwe bwa aside ya Omega-3, aside alpha-Linolenic (ALA) irashobora kuboneka mumavuta amwe yibimera.Amavuta ya Flax arimo -to-% ya ALA, kandi ahinduka inyongera yimirire ikunzwe kumavuta y amafi ahanganye;byombi byongewe kuri premium margarines.Uruganda rwa peteroli rwa kera, camelina sativa, ruherutse kwamamara kubera ibirimo Omega-3 nyinshi (- kugeza-%), kandi byongewe kuri margarine.Amavuta ya Hemp arimo hafi -% ALA.Umubare muto wa ALA uboneka mu mavuta akomoka ku bimera nk'amavuta ya soya (-%), amavuta ya kungufu (-%) n'amavuta ya mikorobe y'ingano (-%).
Omega-6 amavuta acide.
Omega-6 fatty acide nayo ni ingenzi kubuzima.Harimo aside irike ya acide linoleque aside (LA), ikungahaye cyane kumavuta yimboga ahingwa mubihe bishyushye.Bimwe, nka hemp (-%) hamwe namavuta asanzwe ya margarine ibigori (-%), imbuto ya pamba (-%) hamwe nizuba (-%), bifite ubwinshi, ariko imbuto nyinshi zamavuta zifite ubushyuhe burenze -% LA.Margarine ni nyinshi cyane muri acide ya omega-6.Indyo zigezweho zo muburengerazuba zikunze kuba nyinshi muri Omega-6 ariko zikabura cyane muri Omega-3.Ikigereranyo cya omega-6 kuri omega– mubisanzwe - kuri -.Umubare munini wa omega-6 ugabanya ingaruka za omega-3.Birasabwa rero ko igipimo cyimirire kigomba kuba munsi ya 4: 1, nubwo igipimo cyiza gishobora kuba hafi ya 1: 1.
Ibinure bya Tran.
Bitandukanye nandi mavuta yimirire, aside irike ntabwo ari ngombwa kandi nta nyungu izwi kubuzima bwabantu.Hariho umurongo mwiza ugaragara hagati yo gufata aside irike hamwe na LDL ya cholesterol ya LDL, bityo bikongerera ibyago byo kwandura indwara z'umutima, mukuzamura urugero rwa cholesterol ya LDL no kugabanya urugero rwa cholesterol ya HDL.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bunini bwerekanye isano iri hagati yo kunywa ibinure byinshi by’indwara ziterwa n’umutima, ndetse n’izindi ndwara zimwe na zimwe, bigatuma ibigo byinshi by’ubuzima bya leta ku isi bisaba ko hagabanywa ibinure by’amavuta.
Muri Amerika, hydrogenation igice cyabaye rusange bitewe no guhitamo amavuta akorerwa mu gihugu.Ariko, kuva mu myaka ya za 90 rwagati, ibihugu byinshi kwisi byatangiye kuva kure yo gukoresha amavuta ya hydrogène igice.Ibi byatumye habaho ubwoko bushya bwa margarine burimo amavuta ya Tran cyangwa ntayo.
Cholesterol.
Cholesterol ikabije ni ingaruka zubuzima kuko kubitsa amavuta bigenda bifunga imitsi.Ibi bizatera amaraso gutembera mubwonko, umutima, impyiko nibindi bice byumubiri bidakora neza.Cholesterol, nubwo ikenewe metabolically, ntabwo ari ngombwa mumirire.Umubiri wumuntu ukora cholesterol mu mwijima, uhuza umusaruro ukurikije ibiryo byafashwe, utanga hafi 1g ya cholesterol buri munsi cyangwa 80% bya cholesterol yumubiri ikenewe.Ibisigaye 20% biva muburyo bwo gufata ibiryo.
Kubwibyo rero muri rusange gufata cholesterol nkibiryo bigira ingaruka nke kurwego rwa cholesterol mu maraso kuruta ubwoko bwamavuta aribwa.Nyamara, abantu bamwe bitabira cyane cholesterol yimirire kurusha abandi.Ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge kivuga ko abantu bazima batagomba kurya mg zirenga 300 za cholesterol buri munsi.
Margarine nyinshi zishingiye ku mboga bityo ntizigire cholesterol.Garama 100 z'amavuta arimo mg 178 za cholesterol.
Tera ester ester ester na stanol
Ibiti bya sterol cyangwa ibihingwa bya stanol byongewe kuri margarine zimwe hanyuma bikwirakwira kubera ingaruka za cholesterol zigabanya.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko kunywa garama 2 kumunsi bitanga kugabanuka kwa cholesterol ya LDL hafi 10%.
Kwakira isoko
Margarine, cyane cyane marigarine yuzuye, yabaye igice kinini cyimirire yuburengerazuba kandi irenga amavuta mu kwamamara hagati yikinyejana cya 20 Muri Amerika, urugero nko mu 1930, abantu basanzwe baryaga ibiro 18 (8.2 kg) bya amavuta ku mwaka hamwe n'ibiro birenga 2 (0,91 kg) bya margarine.Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, impuzandengo y'Abanyamerika yariye hafi ibiro 5 (2,3 kg) by'amavuta na hafi ibiro 8 (3.6 kg) bya margarine.
Margarine ifite agaciro kanini kumasoko kubakurikiza amategeko yimirire yabayahudi ya Kashrut.Kashrut ibuza kuvanga inyama n'ibikomoka ku mata;niyo mpamvu hariho rwose Kosher itari amata margarine irahari.Ibi bikunze gukoreshwa numuguzi wa Kosher muguhuza resept zikoresha inyama namavuta cyangwa mubicuruzwa bitetse bizahabwa amafunguro yinyama.Ibura rya Pasika margarine yo muri 2008 muri Amerika ryateje ubwoba mu muryango wa Kosher-wubahiriza.
Margarine idafite ibikomoka ku mata irashobora kandi gutanga amavuta asimbuza amavuta.
Amavuta yibimera ya hydrogène akoreshwa muri margarine yoroshye.
Amavuta y'ibimera ya hydrogène abuza margarine gushonga no gutandukana mubushyuhe bwicyumba.
Ubusanzwe margarine ikorwa mugukora emulioni yamata asukuye hamwe namavuta yibimera.Margarine yambere yakozwe mubyukuri amavuta yinka.Njye, kubwanjye, nishimiye ko bahinduye resept.Urashobora kubona ibisobanuro byinshi kuri:
Margarine ikozwe mu mavuta akomoka ku bimera aboneka mu mavuta y'ibimera n'amata asukuye.Aya mavuta akomoka ku bimera arimo ibigori, imbuto, ipamba, imbuto za soya.Gukora margarine mu mavuta akomoka ku bimera, tangira ukuramo amavuta mu mbuto nka: ibigori, canola cyangwa isafuriya.Amavuta ahumeka kugirango arimbure antioxydants na vitamine.
Gukora margarine mu mavuta akomoka ku bimera, tangira ukuramo amavuta mu mbuto nka: ibigori, canola cyangwa isafuriya.Amavuta ahumeka kugirango arimbure antioxydants na vitamine.Ibikurikira, amavuta avanze nibintu bifite ubumara bukabije bwitwa nikel, bukora nka catalizator.Uzahita ushyira amavuta mumashanyarazi, munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi cyane nigitutu binyuze mubikorwa bizwi nka hydrogenation ya emulisation.Emulisiferi yongewe kumavuta kugirango ikureho ibibyimba hanyuma amavuta yongere amavuta.Kuvanga bikorwa kugirango ubone ibara ryijimye na vitamine yubukorikori hamwe namabara yubukorikori byongeweho.
Amavuta akomoka ku bimera akozwe haba hakonje nka olive na sesame, kandi binatunganijwe.Amavuta atunganijwe arimo safflower cyangwa canola.
Hariho amavuta atandukanye akoreshwa mugutegura ibiryo na resept.Amavuta akomoka ku bimera ashyirwa mu byiciro nkomoko yabyo, nubushyuhe bwo guteka.
Kubindi bisobanuro bijyanye na formulaire cyangwa uburyo bwo gutera inkoni Margarine / Amavuta hamwe na konte yikigo cyacu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-17-2021