Margarine: Ni agukwirakwiraikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza, guteka, no guteka.Byaremewe mbere nkibisimburwaamavutamu 1869 mu Bufaransa na Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès.Margarineikorwa cyane cyane mumavuta ya hydrogène cyangwa yatunganijwe.
Mugiheamavutaikozwe mu binure biva mu mata,margarineikozwe mu mavuta y'ibimera kandi irashobora no kuba irimo amata.Mu bice bimwe na bimwe byitwa "oleo", bigufi kuri oleomargarine.
Margarine, nkaamavuta.Margarine ifite ibinure byibuze 80%, kimwe n'amavuta, ariko bitandukanye n'amavuta yagabanije amavuta ya margarine nayo ashobora kwitwa margarine.Margarine irashobora gukoreshwa haba mugukwirakwiza no guteka no guteka.Irakoreshwa kandi nkibigize mubindi bicuruzwa byibiribwa, nk'ibiryo na kuki, kubikorwa byinshi.
Uburyo bwibanze bwagukora margarineuyumunsi igizwe no kwigana amavuta y’imboga ya hydrogène hamwe n’amata asukuye, gukonjesha imvange kugirango ayakomere kandi ayakore kugirango atezimbere.Amavuta yimboga ninyamanswa nibintu bisa nibintu bitandukanye byo gushonga.Ayo mavuta afite amazi mubushyuhe bwicyumba azwi nkamavuta.Ingingo zo gushonga zifitanye isano no kuba karuboni-karubone ihuza ibice bibiri bya aside irike.Umubare munini wububiko bubiri utanga amanota yo gushonga.
Hydrogenation igice cyamavuta asanzwe yibimera kubintu bisanzwe bya margarine.Hafi ya C = C inshuro ebyiri zavanyweho muriki gikorwa, kizamura ingingo yo gushonga yibicuruzwa.
Mubisanzwe, amavuta karemano aba hydrogène mu kunyuza hydrogène mumavuta imbere ya catalizike ya nikel, mugihe cyagenwe.Kwiyongera kwa hydrogène kumurongo utuzuye (alkenes double C = C bonds) bivamo imigozi ya CC yuzuye, byongera neza aho gushonga kwamavuta bityo "bikomera".Ibi biterwa no kwiyongera kwingufu za van der Waals hagati ya molekile zuzuye ugereranije na molekile zidahagije.Ariko, kubera ko hari inyungu zubuzima zishoboka mukugabanya ibinure byuzuye mumafunguro yumuntu, inzira iragenzurwa kuburyo bihagije gusa imigozi iba hydrogène kugirango itange ibyangombwa bisabwa.
Margarine ikozwe murubu buryo ngo irimo amavuta ya hydrogenated.Ubu buryo bukoreshwa muri iki gihe kuri margarine zimwe na zimwe nubwo inzira yatunganijwe kandi rimwe na rimwe izindi catalizator zikoreshwa nka palladium.Niba hydrogenation ituzuye (gukomera igice), ubushyuhe buringaniye bukoreshwa mugikorwa cya hydrogenation bukunze guhinduranya bimwe mubice bya karuboni-karubone muburyo bwa "trans".Niba ubwo bucuti budasanzwe butarimo hydrogène mugihe cyibikorwa, bizakomeza kugaragara muri margarine yanyuma muri molekile zamavuta ya transit, kuyikoresha byagaragaye ko ari ibintu bishobora gutera indwara zifata umutima.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibinure bikomye igice bikoreshwa bike kandi bike muruganda rwa margarine.Amavuta amwe yo mu turere dushyuha, nk'amavuta y'imikindo n'amavuta ya cocout, mubisanzwe birakomeye kandi ntibisaba hydrogenation.
Margarine igezweho irashobora gukorwa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose butandukanye bwamavuta yinyamanswa cyangwa imboga, bivanze namata asukuye, umunyu, na emulisiferi.Amavuta ya margarine n'ibimeraikwirakwirabiboneka ku isoko birashobora kuva ku binure 10 kugeza 90%.Ukurikije ibinure byanyuma nintego yabyo (gukwirakwiza, guteka cyangwa guteka), urwego rwamazi namavuta yimboga yakoreshejwe bizatandukana gato.Amavuta akanda ku mbuto akanonosorwa.Icyo gihe kivangwa n'ibinure bikomeye.Niba nta binure bikomeye byongewe kumavuta yimboga, aba nyuma bakora hydrogène yuzuye cyangwa igice kugirango bakomere.
Ibivanze bivanze bivangwa namazi, aside citric, karotenoide, vitamine nifu y amata.Emulisiferi nka lecithine ifasha gukwirakwiza icyiciro cyamazi neza mumavuta, kandi umunyu hamwe nuburinzi nabyo byongeweho.Aya mavuta n'amazi noneho birashyuha, bikavangwa, bikonjeshwa.Margarine yoroshye yoroshye ikorwa hamwe na hydrogenated nkeya, amazi menshi, amavuta kuruta margarine.
Ubwoko butatu bwa margarine burasanzwe:
Ibinure byimboga byoroshyeikwirakwira, ibinure byinshi bya mono- cyangwa polyunzure, bikozwe muri safflower, sunflower, soya, imbuto ya pamba, kungufu, cyangwa amavuta ya elayo.
Margarine mu icupa ryo guteka cyangwa ibiryo byo hejuru
Birakomeye, muri rusange margarine idafite amabara yo guteka cyangwa guteka.
Kuvanga n'amavuta.
Ameza menshi akwirakwizwa kugurishwa uyumunsi ni uruvange rwa margarine n'amavuta cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa byamata.Kuvanga, bikoreshwa mu kunoza uburyohe bwa margarine, byari bimaze igihe bitemewe mu bihugu nka Amerika na Ositaraliya.Mu mabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ibicuruzwa bya margarine ntibishobora kwitwa "amavuta", nubwo ibyinshi bigizwe n’amavuta asanzwe.Mu bihugu bimwe by’Uburayi ameza ashingiye ku mavuta akwirakwizwa kandi ibicuruzwa bya margarine bigurishwa nk "imvange y amavuta".
Amavuta avanze ubu agize igice kinini cyimeza ikwirakwiza isoko.Ikirango "Ntabwo Nizera ko Atari Amavuta!"yabyaye ibintu bitandukanye bisa nkibyakwirakwijwe ubu ushobora kubisanga mububiko bwa supermarket kwisi yose, hamwe namazina nka "Butterly Butterly", "Butterlicious", "Butterly Butterly", na "Wowe Butter Butmera".Aya mavuta avanze yirinda kubuzwa kuranga, hamwe nubuhanga bwo kwamamaza bwerekana isano ikomeye namavuta nyayo.Amazina nkaya agurishwa yerekana ibicuruzwa kubaguzi bitandukanye nibirango bisabwa bita margarine "amavuta yimboga ya hydrogène igice".
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-04-2021